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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of municipal treatment of drinking water ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of municipal treatment of drinking water The development of water treatment and filtration technologies went through many stages. The greatest level of change came in the 19th century as growth of cities forced new methods of distributing and treating water in cites and the problems of water contamination became more pronounced. ==Pre-19th-century water treatment== Sushruta of India recommended to boil and heat water under the sun and filtering with gravel and charcoal prior to drinking. (Sushruta Samhita, Arabic translation Kitab-i-Susrud). Early water treatment was primarily focused on the aesthetic properties of water, taste and odor. Writings from ancient Greece indicate that boiling and filtering water through charcoal were used along with exposing the water to sunlight and straining. Other cultures such as the Egyptians were using alum as a means of removing suspended particles by 1500 B.C.〔http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/consumer/pdf/hist.pdf〕 Medieval Venice obtained filtered water from cisterns using beds of sand.〔Melosi, 85.〕 Throughout most of human history the primary means of acquiring untainted water was to avoid the problem and bring in water from an outside source that did not require treatment. The Romans did this with their aqueducts. London's New River was constructed, beginning in the early 17th century as a means of bringing in clean water from outside the city. The New River was slow flowing, which helped to increase sedimentation. It also had screens installed every few miles to catch any debris and weeds. These screens required periodic maintenance and workmen were employed to clean them and cut back the weeds.〔Halliday, 16–17.〕 The new river would meet London's needs well enough that there were few complaints before the 19th century, although the water supplied was rarely used for drinking directly, rather it was more likely used for washing or the brewing of beer.〔Hardy, 252.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of municipal treatment of drinking water」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.